Iberian, Celtic, Phoenician, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Visigothic, Jewish, Moorish/Muslim

Basque, Galician-Portuguese, Asturian-Leonese, Catalan-Aragonese, Castilian-Andalucian

Latin, Arabic, Berber, Hebrew, Basque, Galician-Portuguese, Catalan, Castilian-Leonese

Basque (euskera), Galician-Portug. (galego-português), Catalan (català), Castilian (castellano)

al-Andalus, Granada, Castilla-León, Navarra, Aragón (Cataluña, Aragón , Valencia, Mallorca)

España (17 autonomías with Balearic & Canary Is.), Portugal (with Madeira & Azores Is.)

Hispaniola–Colón 1492-1504, Puerto Rico+Florida–Ponce de León 1502-12

Aztec México–Cortés 1519-21, Maya Yucatán–Montejo 1528-40

N Mexico–Cabeza de Vaca 1527-36, De Soto 1539-42, Coronado 1540-42

Brazil–Cabral 1500 + Vespucci 1499-1501, Amazon–Orellana 1542-46
Inca Perú–Pizarro 1531-33, Inca Bolivia–Almagro 1535-37
Chibcha Colombia–Quesada 1535-38, Araucano Chile-Valdivia 1540-54

Magellan + El Cano 1519-21, Balboa 1513, Filipinas–Legazpi 1565-71

Santo Domingo 1496, La Habana (Cuba) 1515, San Juan (Puerto Rico) 1521, Panamá 1519,
México 1521, Guatemala 1524, Mérida 1542, Quito 1534, Lima 1535, Buenos Aires 1536/80,
Santiago de Chile 1541, San Agustín (Florida) 1565, Manila (Filipinas) 1571, San Diego (Calif.) 1769

New Spain (México) 1535, Perú 1542, New Granada (Col.+Venez.) 1718, La Plata (Arg.) 1776

Santo Domingo 1538, México 1553, Lima 1551, Bogotá 1592, Caracas 1642

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 (Span. vs. Port. colonisation). Laws of Indies 1500 (Indians not slaves). Laws on Slaves 1510-11 (Africans). New Laws of Indies 1542 (Indians free vassals of Crown)

El Greco (religious scenes), Velázquez (court portraits), Murillo (religious+folk portraits)

Herrera (Renaissance palaces: El Escorial), Churriguera (Baroque churches)

picaresque satires–Lazarillo de Tormes 1554, Guzmán de Alfarache 1599-1602
Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quijote 1605-15, Novelas ejemplares 1614

Lope de Vega, Fuenteovejuna + historical plays
Tirso de Molina, The Mocker of Seville [lover Don Juan]
Calderón de la Barca, Life is a Dream + allegorical ‘sacramental plays’

renaissance: Garcilaso de la Vega–sonnets+songs, Luis de León–odes
baroque: Francisco de Quevedo (satire+wit), Luis de Góngora (artifice+imagery)

St. Teresa of Avila, Life; St. John of Cross, ‘Dark Night of Soul’

USA: War of Independence + republic 1776-81 / 1783
France: revolution 1789-94, republic 1792-1804, Napoleon dictator 1799-1804 / emperor 1804-1815

Haiti 1803 empire / 1806 republic.
Dominican Republic 1821/1844 [part of Haiti 1822-44], 1930-61 dictator Trujillo
Cuba 1868-98 revolt (Martí), 1898 US, 1902 republic, 1933-59 dictator Batista, 1959- Castro revolution

1810-16 uprisings (Hidalgo + Morelos), 1821 empire (José Iturbide) / 1823 republic (Victoria)
1833-55 dictator (Santa Ana) / 1846-48 war vs US, 1858-1872 republic (Benito Juárez)
1863-67 empire (Maximilian) [French invasion], 1877-80 /1884-1911 dictator (Porfirio Díaz)
1911-21 revolution (Madero, Villa, Zapata, Carranza), 1933-41 social reforms (L. Cárdenas)

Yucatán 1821-68 [later Méx.]. United Provinces of C. America 1823-39 [from Méx.]
Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica 1839. Panamá 1903 [from Colombia]
Nicaragua 1933-79 Somoza dict., 1979-90 Sandinista revolution. El Salvador 1979-92 junta + civil war

New Granada 1811-19 [Venezuela, Colombia] (Miranda+Bolívar)
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador 1830 [as separate republics]. Paraguay 1811 (J. Francia)
Argentina 1816 (San Martín) / 1946-55 dictator (Perón), 1976-83 junta / 1982 Falklands war vs UK
Chile 1817 (O’Higgins+San Martín) / 1970-73 socialism (Allende), 1973-88 dictator (Pinochet)
Perú 1821 (San Martín & Bolívar). Brazil 1822-89 empire (Pedro I + Pedro II) / republic 1889
Bolivia 1825 (Sucre) [as separate republic] / 1952-60 revolution. Uruguay 1828 [as separate republic]