Faculty of Arts


Cases

USES

                                                                       

The purpose of cases is to indicate the relationship between nouns or pronouns  and other elements in a sentence.

 

 

Nominative

-  for the subject of verbs:

Meine Eltern   reisen gern.

Der  Computer, das  Kofferradio   und  die  Sonnenbrille   sind neu.

Wer   hat Hunger?

- after a few verbs, e.g.  sein, werden, bleiben:

Er  ist  mein Freund.

 

 

Accusative

- for the object of verbs:

Du trägst meinen  Mantel.

Ich möchte den  Computer, das  Kofferradio   und die  Sonnenbrille.

Wen  besuchst du?

 - after certain prepositions:

Das ist für meinen  Bruder.

- in 'definite' time phrases:

diesen, letzten, nächsten, jeden Montag

 

 

Dative

- for the indirect object of verbs. Some verbs take a dative object only but many verbs take both a dative and an accusative object, e.g. verbs of giving, sending and telling:

Sie leiht mir ihren Schirm.

 Ich glaube dir nicht.

- after certain prepositions:

Wir fahren mit dem Zug.

 

 

Genitive

- to express possession or similar relationships between nouns:

Die Reparatur meines Fernsehers  kostet zu viel.

 - after certain prepositions:

Wegen dieser Panne kamen sie zu spät.

- in a few 'indefinite' time phrases:

Eines Tages  sah die Prinzessin einen Frosch.

 

 

 

DEFINITE ARTICLES

 

 

- Nominative

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.               der                                            }

neut.                das                                           }  die

fem.                 die                                            }

 

 

- Accusative

NOTE: The neuter, feminine and plural forms are the same as for Nominative,  only masculine singular forms change.

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                den                                           }

neut.                 das                                           }  die

fem.                  die                                            }

           

 

- Dative

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                dem                                          }

neut.                dem                                          }  den   

fem.                  der                                            }

 

 

- Genitive

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                des                                           }

neut.                 des                                           }  der    

fem.                  der                                            }

 

 

- The following words take the same endings as the definite articles:  dies... (this, that, these, those)

      jed... (each, every)

      welch...?  (which?)

      manch... (some, many a)

      solch... (such; usually plural)

      all.. (all, all the; usually plural)

 

 

INDEFINITE ARTICLES AND POSSESSIVES

 

NOTE: With the exception of the Nominative masculine singular (ein)  and the Nominative and Accusative neuter singular (ein),  the endings are the same as for the definite article.

 

- Nominative

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                  ein                                            }

neut.                   ein                                            }  keine

fem.                   eine                                          }

 

 

- Accusative

NOTE: The neuter, feminine and plural forms are the same as for Nominative,  only masculine singular forms change.

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                  einen                                        }

neut.                  ein                                            }  keine

fem.                   eine                                          }

           

 

- Dative

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                einem                                       }

neut.                 einem                                       }  keinen

fem.                  einer                                         }

 

 

- Genitive

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                  eines                                    }

neut.                   eines                                    }  keiner

fem.                    einer                                     }

 

 

- The following words take the same endings as ein (a, one):

    kein  (not a, not any, no)                     unser  (our)

    mein  (my)                                         ihr  (their)         

    sein  (his, its)                                                dein  (your)

    sein  (its)                                           euer  (your)

    ihr  (her, its)                                       Ihr  (your)

 

 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

 

NOTE: The forms are the same as for the definite articles, except in the genitive and in the dative plural.

 

 

- Nominative

                        Singular                        Plural

masc.                  der                                }

neut.                  das                                 }  die    

fem.                   die                                  }

 

 

- Accusative

NOTE: The neuter, feminine and plural forms are the same as for Nominative,  only masculine singular forms change.

                        Singular                        Plural

masc.                  den                               }

neut.                  das                               die    

fem.                   die                                }

           

 

- Dative

                        Singular                        Plural

masc.                  dem                              }

neut.                  dem                              denen           

fem.                   der                                }

 

 

- Genitive

                        Singular                        Plural

masc.                dessen                          }

neut.                 dessen                          deren

fem.                  deren                            }

 

 

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

 

NOTE: The Genitive case of personal pronouns (meiner, deiner   etc.)  is rarely used in modern German.

 

Nominative        Accusative        Dative              

Singular

ich                    mich                             mir

du                     dich                              dir

er                       ihn                                ihm

sie                    sie                                ihr

es                     es                                 ihm

Plural                           

wir                    uns                               uns

ihr                     euch                             euch

sie                    sie                                ihnen

Sing. + Plur.

Sie                   Sie                               Ihnen

 

 

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

 

NOTE: The reflexive pronouns can be used in the accusative or dative case. The forms are the same as the accusative and dative of the personal pronouns except for the third person singular and plural (er, sie =she, es; sie =they) and Sie (you).

 

 

Person              Accusative        Dative              

 

ich                    mich                             mir

du                     dich                              dir

wir                    uns                               uns

ihr                     euch                             euch

 

er                                 }

sie  (she)                       }          

es                                 }   sich              sich

sie  (they)                      }

Sie  (you)                      }

 

 

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

 

                                    Nominative        Accusative        Dative   Genitive

Personal

who, whose                     wer                 wen                wem      wessen

 

Impersonal

what, whose                     was                 was                -            wessen

 

If used with a preposition, was  is replaced by wo(r)  + preposition, e.g. wofür? worauf?

 

 

PRONOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS

 

When referring to people, prepositions are followed by the appropriate

third person pronouns, e.g. für sie, mit ihm, zu ihnen.

 

But if the pronoun refers to an object or idea, da-  plus preposition is

used, e.g. dafür, damit, dazu.   An -r-  is inserted when the preposition

begins with a vowel, e.g. daran, darauf, darin.

 

Similarly,  the interrogative or relative pronoun was   is replaced by wo(r)  + preposition, e.g. wofür? worauf?

 

Womit (with what?) möchten Sie bezahlen? 

Mit meiner Kreditkarte. Ich bezahle immer damit (with it).

Das ist alles, wofür (for which) ich bezahlt habe.

                       

PREPOSITIONS

 

- Prepositions that take the accusative:

            durch, für, gegen, ohne, um

 

- Prepositions that take the dative:

            aus, außer, bei, gegenüber, mit, nach, seit, von, zu

 

- Prepositions that take the genitive:

            statt, trotz, während, wegen

 

- Prepositions that take either the accusative or the dative:

            an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen

The  dative  indicates position or location, 'place where' (question: wo?),  e.g.

            Katrin wohnt in der Stadt.

The  accusative  indicates movement to, or in the direction of, a new position,  'place to which' (question: wohin?),  e.g.

            Katrin fährt in die Stadt.

 

- The following contractions of prepositions and definite articles

are common:

am (an dem),  beim (bei dem),  im (in dem),  vom (von dem), 

zum (zu dem),  ans (an das),  aufs (auf das),  durchs (durch das),  fürs (für das),  ins (in das),  ums (um das),  zur (zu der).

 

 

 

 TIME PHRASES

 

Accusative:

jeden Tag (every day)

den ganzen Tag (all day long)

letzte/vorige/vergangene Woche (last week)

diesen Mittwoch (this Wednesday)

nächstes/kommendes Jahr (next year)

einen Monat lang (for a month)

 

Preposition + Dative:

-  clock time: um fünf Uhr

-  days, parts of days, weekends:  am Montag, am Wochenende,

    am  Abend, an jedem Morgen

    but: in der Nacht, um Mitternacht

-  weeks, months and seasons: in der  nächsten Woche, im Mai,

    im letzten Herbst

-  dates: am vierten Juli

    but: heute ist der vierte Juli

-  years: im kommenden Jahr

    but:  1998 - no preposition!  (or: im Jahr 1998)

ago:  vor einer Woche (a week ago)

 

Genitive:

eines Tages (one day), eines Nachts (one night)

montags (on Monday/s), abends (in the evening/s)

 

Other common time phrases:

heute (today)

gestern (yesterday)

vorgestern (the day before yesterday)

morgen (tomorrow)

übermorgen (the day after tomorrow)

heute morgen (this morning)

morgen früh (tomorrow morning)

gestern abend (last night)

eine halbe Stunde (half an hour)

eine Viertelstunde (a quarter of an hour)

eineinhalb Stunden (one and a half hours)

tagelang, monatelang, jahrelang (for days, months, years)

einige Zeit (for some time)

alle drei Wochen (every three weeks)

derzeit (at present)

Anfang/Ende Dezember (at the beginning/end of December)

Mitte Mai (in the middle of May)

einmal, hundertmal (once, a hundred times)

das erste/letzte Mal (the first/last time)

zum ersten/letzten Mal (for the first/last time)

 

ADJECTIVES

1. Adjectives preceded by the definite article

2. Adjectives not preceded by the definite article

3. Comparative and Superlative

4. Participles used as adjectives

5. Adjectival nouns

 

 

1. Adjectives preceded by the definite article

 

When preceded by the definite article or a word which is declined like the definite article, adjectives take the ending -e  in the nominative singular of all genders, and in the accusative singular feminine and neuter; otherwise -en  throughout.

 

NOTE:

Words which are declined like the definite article include:

-  dies.., jed.., welch..?,  manch.., solch.., all.. 

-  the indefinite articles and possessives , except in the nominative singular masculine and neuter (ein)  and the accusative singular neuter (ein)  where they have no endings.

             

 

- Nominative

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.               der rote  Apfel                die grünen Bohnen

neut.                das frische  Brot                                  

fem.                  die heiße  Milch                        

 

- Accusative

NOTE: The neuter, feminine and plural forms are the same as for Nominative,  only masculine singular forms change.

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.               den   roten  Apfel                     die grünen  Bohnen

neut.               das frische  Brot                                                                       

fem.                 die heiße  Milch                                    

           

- Dative

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.               dem roten  Apfel                     den grünen  Bohnen

neut.                dem frischen  Brot                                            

fem.                  der heißen  Milch                                              

 

- Genitive

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.               des roten  Apfels                        der grünen  Bohnen                               

neut.                des  frischen  Brotes                                         

fem.                  der heißen  Milch                                              

 

2. Adjectives not preceded by the definite article

 

When not preceded by the definite article or a word with the (modified) ending of the definite article, the adjective has to indicate case, number and gender, i.e. the adjective takes the endings of the definite article (except in the genitive singular masculine and neuter).

 

NOTE:

- Indefinite articles and possessives in the nominative singular masculine and neuter (ein)  and the accusative singular neuter (ein)  have no endings and any following adjectives therefore take the article endings.

- Adjectives after einige  (some, a few), mehrere  (several), viele  (many) and wenige  (few) take the article endings.

 

 

- Nominative

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.              ein roter  Apfel                             grüne Bohnen

neut.               frisches  Brot                           

fem.                heiße  Milch                              

 

 

- Accusative

NOTE: The neuter, feminine and plural forms are the same as for Nominative,  only masculine singular forms change.

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                 kühlen  Wein                        grüne  Bohnen

neut.                 frisches  Brot                                                                

fem.                  heiße  Milch                                          

           

 

- Dative

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                  kühlem Wein                         grünen Bohnen

neut.                   frischem  Brot                                       

fem.                   heißer  Milch                                         

 

 

- Genitive

                        Singular                                    Plural

masc.                kühlen  Weins                        grüner  Bohnen                         

neut.                  frischen  Brotes                                    

fem.                  heißer  Milch

 

 

 

3. Comparative and Superlative   

 

- Regular pattern: schnell, schneller, schnellst-  plus the normal adjective endings, e.g. das schnellere Auto, der schnellste Schwimmer.

 

- Many one-syllable adjectives add an Umlaut,  e.g. kurz, kürzer, kürzest-;  stark, stärker, stärkst- ; warm, wärmer, wärmst-.

 

- Irregular forms: gut, besser, best-; gern, lieber, liebst-; hoch, höher, höchst;, nah, näher, nächst-; viel, mehr, meist-.

 

- Adverbs  have the following forms: schnell, schneller, am  schnellsten.,  e.g.  Mein Auto fährt am schnellsten.

 

 

 

4. Participles used as adjectives

 

Present or past participles (cf. VERBS) may be used as adjectives by adding the usual adjective endings, e.g.

kochendes Wasser  (boiling)

gekochtes Wasser  (boiled)

 

 

 

 

5. Adjectival nouns

 

All adjectives can be made into nouns. They then begin with a capital letter and take a gender (der  for male persons, die  for female persons, das  for things and ideas)  but they keep the adjective endings, e.g.

der Verwandte, ein Verwandter

die Kranke, mit einer Kranken

das Beste, das Interessanteste, nichts Neues

viele Deutsche, alle Deutschen

 

 

DECLENSION OF NOUNS

 

- Most masculine and neuter nouns add -(e)s   in the genitive singular, e.g. des Bruders, des Sohn(e)s, des Hauses.

 

- All nouns add -(e)n  in the dative plural, except those forming the plural with -n   or -s,   e.g. mit meinen Freunden, in den nächsten Tagen.

 

- Some masculine nouns, often called 'weak nouns', take the ending -(e)n   in all cases except nominative singular, e.g. der Student - den Studenten, der Neffe - des Neffen  (but: der Name -  des Namens).


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