Summary Notes for Carlos Fuente's The Buried Mirror Video Series

---

Note: LA = Latin America(n)

PART 1: THE VIRGIN & THE BULL

1. the mirror: symbol of the power of nature + of self-revelation
   
   
2. 1492-1992: Columbus–'discovery' of Indies / New World; myths of earthly paradise + noble savage
   today–Latin American social crisis; Hispanic cultural heritage
   
   
3. Old+New World: Spanish / European colony; cultural mestizos: multiracial society, plural religion
   
   
4. Spanish heritage: historical traditions & symbols; prehistory–caves with paintings at Altamira
   Iberia: Mediterranean crossroads–Iberians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Visigoths, Moors
   bull & bullfighting–arena, ritual, fiesta; flamenco & cante jondo–gypsy music
   woman–temptress, earth goddess, virgin mother; hidalgo–gentleman, man of honour, stoic ideal
   Holy Week (in Sevilla)–public display, ritual / spectacle, melting pot of peoples & customs
   cultural syncretism (sacred + profane, Christian + pagan); cult of appearances: symbol & ritual
   
   
5. Moorish Spain [al-Andalus] (711-1492): Granada–Alhambra palace (conquered 1492)
   Islamic traditions & monuments; artistic & architectural masterpieces: buildings, decorations, gardens
   
   
6. Reconquest Spain (722-1492): Christian crusade vs. Moors & territorial expansion
   frontier societies: fortress towns (Ávila walls); booty (cattle, treasure, slaves)
   fueros [charters] local self-rule, democracy; caudillo: army leader, soldier of fortune, powerful élite
   Rodrigo Díaz el Cid (1043-1099): reconqueror of Valencia, Spanish epic hero [Poem of the Cid]
   Santiago Matamoros [St. James Moorkiller]: patron of Spain + Reconquest
   Santiago de Compostela: pilgrim way & shrine in Galicia, medieval Christian centre [feast 25 July]
   
   
7. Convivencia (harmonious coexistence): ideal+reality of cultural interaction of Christians, Muslims, Jews
   tricultural mix: languages, ethnic groups, customs, learning, crafts, arts; vs. religious differences
   Alfonso X el Sabio (1252-1284): multicultural court+civilisation, scholars+scribes of 3 religions
   translations into Castilian: sacred texts of 3 religions, arts+sciences, laws+histories, games (chess)
   
   
8. Iberian Jews [Sephardim]: ancient religious minority, eras of toleration & persecution
   social roles: intellectuals, artisans, traders, financiers, administrators, physicians
   anti-Jewish persecutions: mob violence, mass conversions, Inquisition, expulsion in 1492
   
   
9. critical debate (16c. intellectuals): challenge to central authority + religious orthodoxy
   open or closed?: tolerant society vs. national unity, inquiry vs. Inquisition
   convivencia: multiethnic + multicultural society vs. racial + religious purity
   autonomía: local self-rule from below vs. centralised power from above
   
   
10. renaissance (15c-16c cultural revolution): intellectual discovery, renewal, expansion
    technical inventions: navigation, shipbuilding, cartography, printing press
    scientific inquiries by humanists: natural sciences & human anatomy
    voyages of exploration + discovery of new worlds (Portuguese & Spanish)
    clash of civilisations (European+other): conquests, colonies, mixtures, debates
    mutual discovery (Old+New Worlds): new forms of conquest + convivencia

PART 2A. PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA

1. Spanish-American cultural mix: Pre-Columbian civilisations + Spanish conquest
   México: Zócalo (main square): Moctezuma’s + Viceroy’s palace, Aztec temple + Catholic cathedral
   
   
2. Asian migrations (50,000-40,000 BC Bering Sea): stone age peoples, N to S America
   
   
3. Meso-Americans (1000 BC-1500 AD): Olmecs, Mayas, Zapotecs, Toltecs, Aztecs
   
   
4. Mayas [Mexico: Yucatan, Guatemala, Honduras]: rituals, castes, priesthood + military
   Palenque: ceremonial site with great buildings + courtyards (abandoned in jungle)
   Monampac: ruins with complete cycle of murals (discovered 1946)
   
   
5. Zapotecs [Central Mexico: Oaxaca]–human architecture + natural landscape in balance
   Montalbán–buildings in mountainous site, fortress + ceremonial monuments
   
   
6. Aztecs [Central Mexico + Mexico City]–migration from N [Aztlan] to C Mexico
   worship Huitzilopochtli [‘left-sided hummingbird’]–god of war + sun
   legend of eagle on cactus devouring snake [modern coat of arms]
   Tenochtitlán [Mexico = navel of moon]–new city/capital (1325) on lake with canals
   Aztec rule resented by other tribes: ‘barbarians’ (‘people without face’) + ‘tyrants’
   Aztec empire (lords over many tribes): military+religious power, tribute + terror,
   ‘guerra florida’: ritual wars for obtaining captives for human sacrifice to war god
   Aztec society [Rivera murals]: soldiers, priests, labourers, craftsmen, artists, poets
   
   
7. Aztec gods: sun, moon, wind, fire, etc.; human sacrifice to save world (fifth sun) from destruction
   Huitzilopochtli [hummingbird]–war+sun god (sacrifice hearts of young warriors)
   Coatlicue [skirt of snakes]–earth-mother goddess, mother of Huitzilopochtli
   Coyolxauhqui [dismembered body]–moon goddess, killed by Huitzilopochtli
   Quetzalcoatl [‘plumed serpent’]: wind god, giver of life, bearer of gift of maize
   inventor of arts + crafts, time + writing; legend of return as white man (> Spaniards)

PART 2B. THE SPANISH CONQUEST

1. AZTEC MÉXICO: Hernán Cortés (1519-21)–bloody conquest of major native empire
   biography (1485-1547): born Medellín (Extremadura), studied Univ. de Salamanca
   career: 19 yr-old explore Indies (1504-19), 34 yr-old conquer Mexico (1519-21)
   personality: personal effort + willpower, leadership + ambition, glory + decline
   expedition: 500 men, 11 ships (later burned), 16 horses, firearms + artillery
   sea route: from Cuba to Yucatán + Mexican coast to Veracruz (new Spanish town)
   land route: from Veracruz to Cholula to México / Tenochtitlán, retreat to Tlaxcala
   Aztec legends/superstitions: return of Quetzalcoatl as white man, end of 5th world
   Aztec perception of Spanish: monsters with 2 heads, 6 legs, spit fire, live on water
   Aztec records: Codices (pictographic chronicles), murals + sculptures + artifacts
   [Codices: pre + post Conquest accounts by natives, illustrated manuscripts;
   creation, myth, history, genealogy, astrology, calendar, rituals, festivals]
   Spanish encounter: Indian embassy + tribute, skirmishes + battles, retreat + siege
   encounter of Cortés (‘will’ > victory) + Moctezuma (‘fate’ > defeat + death)
   conquistadors: warrior ethos, gold+power+glory, marvel at empire + cities
   native allies: other tribes under/against Aztec rule, friendly warriors + women
   Spanish mobilise thousands of native troops, gather intelligence, deceive Aztecs
   La Malinche / Marina: native woman, Cortés’ interpreter+lover, bear mestizo son
   role: sex+language, betrayal+conquest, rebellion+hope, mother of new culture
   
   
2. PACIFIC: Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovers South Sea = Pacific Ocean (Panamá 1513)
   
   
3. INCA PERÚ: Francisco Pizarro (1531-33)–bloody conquest of major native empire
   personality: illiterate warrior+officer, brutal leader+conqueror, later killed by rival
   expedition: 180 Spaniards with ships, horses, firearms + artillery; surprise attacks
   Inca emperor Atahualpa–rebel, captive+hostage (gold ransom), converted+executed
   Inca empire [Andes: Perú, Bolivia, Chile]: capital–Cuzco, mt. city–Macchu Picchu
   
   
4. EL DORADO: Spanish search for legendary golden ruler + cities of gold (native legends)
   new expeditions: Río Plata, found Buenos Aires–Mendoza 1536, Garay 1580
   difficulties: physical hardship + hunger, disease + fever, hostile tribes + poor natives
   discovery of new continent: vast lands, many peoples, large cities, natural resources

PART 2C. FROM CONQUEST TO COLONISATION & CONVERSION

1. COLONISATION: chain of new cities–fortresses, ports, capitals, towns; treasure routes
   –colonial style: Span.-Mediterranean urban plan+architecture [arch, balcony, patio, tiles]
   –colonial centres: great squares, cathedrals, palaces, government offices, noble mansions
   –examples: San Juan (Puerto Rico)–Morro fortress; Potosí (Bolivia)–silver mining town
   México City (México) + Lima (Perú)–capital cities of colonial viceroys
   Mérida (México)–Montejo Palace façade (conquistadors over Maya captives)
   
   
2. CONQUISTADORS: military service for gold + glory; social mix; ambition + mobility
   –hidalgo: noble status [gentry]; honour+fame+fortune [ex.: Cortés]; Reconquest tradition
   –encomienda: colonial system of Indian service + tribute for protection + conversion
   
   
3. MISSIONARIES: defence of Indians
   –Antonio de Montesinos [Franciscan]: sermon 1511: Indians=humans with rational souls
   –Bartolomé de Las Casas [Dominican]: Destruction of Indies 1542: reform propaganda
   –‘black legend’: Spanish atrocities–conquistadors’ greed + cruelty against Indian ‘slaves’
   –Indian colleges: utopian experiments in Christian European education for Indian élites
   
   
4. ‘HUMAN RIGHTS’: status of Indian converts (human + Christian) vs. colonial interests
   –colonial issues: Spain first world empire; new problems+debates [Renaissance + Reform]
   –‘laws of Indies’: emperor Charles V’s reforms 1542-45; new viceroys + bureaucrats
   
   
5. RELIGIOUS SYNCRETISM [mixed cultural traditions, religious forms, spiritual values]
   –colonial church mission: conversion of Indian masses + integration of Indian cultures
   –Cholula: Mexican colonial city with 365 churches built over ruined Aztec temples
   –Guadalupe: Virgin Mary appears to Indian Juan Diego (1547); image: mestizo Virgin
   –Huijotzingo: Franciscan mission utopia [mural]; golden age: Indian convert+noble savage
   –Tonantzintla: colonial baroque church; Spanish form + Indian decoration; native crafts
   –‘Day of the Dead’ [All Souls–2 Nov.]: sacred in natural world, festival of life + death
   –Taitachu [Andes procession]: Indian Christ-figure rejected by Church, revered by people
   
   
6. MULTICULTURAL ISSUES: respect for cultural diversity + evolution of new cultures
   –basic issues: survival (physical, cultural, social); problems of injustice + inequality
   –indigenous peoples: ethnic identity+heritage; traditional values; social/economic status?
   –mestizo cultures: new society of Span. America; full participation in new community?

PART 3: THE AGE OF GOLD: EMPIRE & CULTURE

1. ‘AGE OF GOLD’: discovery of gold+silver in Spanish America; legend of El Dorado
   –Indian labour in mines (mita=bonded labourers): Potosí (Bolivia), Serra Pelaja (Brasil)
   
   
2. HABSBURG SPAIN: Charles V [rule 1516-56], king of Spain + Holy Roman Emperor
   –height of Spain as world empire: European, African, American, Asian possessions
   –Catholic Spain: ideal of unified Christendom; conflict with Protestant N. Europe
   –imperial+religious wars vs Turks, French, Dutch rebels, English+German Protestants
   –economic crisis: inflation, imports, war expenses, court luxuries, imperial monuments
   
   
3. EUROPEAN RIVALS: N.European challengers–military+naval, commercial, religious
   –French+English pirates vs treasure fleets+colonial ports; Caribbean black slave trade
   –Drake raids San Juan (Puerto Rico), Veracruz (Méx.), Valparaíso (Chile), Cádiz (Spain)
   
   
4. RISE+DECLINE: victory over Turks–Lepanto 1571; disaster of Armada–off England 1588
   
   
5. PHILIP II [rule 1556-98]: Habsburg power, Catholic orthodoxy, [imperial bureaucracy]
   –personality: idolise father Charles V; deaths of wives+son; insecurity, austerity, piety
   –[Madrid capital 1561]; Escorial–austere palace+monastery+mausoleum; H. Bosch’s art
   –Catholic Counter Reformation [Trent Council 1545-63], Inquisition (vs conversos)
   
   
6. GOLDEN AGE OF SPANISH CULTURE [1492-1700]: artistic+literary masterpieces
   –paradox: great cultural flowering in age of crisis (social, political, economic, religious)
   –‘challenge from within’: free imagination; critical consciousness (multiple perspective)
   
   
7. CERVANTES’ DON QUIJOTE [2 parts 1605-15]: Don Quijote, Sancho Panza, Dulcinea
   –first modern novel: multiple perspectives, renaissance ambiguity vs medieval order
   –modern tensions: faith vs doubt, appearance vs reality, reason vs imagination
   –satire on books of chivalry: hidalgo reads books, goes mad as knight, turns sane + dies
   
   
8. VELÁZQUEZ’ LAS MENINAS [1656]: princess, courtiers, monarchs, painter
   –first modern painting: spectator as true protagonist + interpreter; move in/out of work
   –renaissance tour de force: multiple perspectives, imaginative experience
   
   
9. Colonial Baroque: combine European + indigenous traditions in civilisation + religion
   –Baroque art (churches): appearance+reality, mask+identity, abundance+empoverishment
   –‘New World’ ironies: Christian renaissance utopias (heaven on earth in colony+church)
   conquered/converted native peoples (own past, faith, craft, needs)
   –example: Ocotlán chapel–abundant gilded decorations + details, European + native crafts
   C Mexican festival–communal procession, agrarian folk tradition: birds blessed
   
   
10. African heritage: orig. black servants via Spain, then black slaves directly from Africa
    –slave trade+labour: from Africa to Caribbean, tropical plantations (sugar cane)
    –mulattos (mixed offspring of blacks+whites): growing community, marginalised group
    –Afro-Caribbean culture: popular music, arts+crafts, folk religion [santería, voodoo]
    
    
11. Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648-95): colonial Mexican woman writer–poet + intellectual
    –feminist voice: struggle against male authority (bishop), for female education (convent)
    –baroque lit.: European form+Amer. context, Span. language+New World exuberance
    
    
12. New World in Europe: discovery of new flora+fauna, trade in new products+foods
    –example: tomato, chocolate, chili [all from Mexico]; tobacco [Caribbean]; potato [Andes]
    
    
13. Spanish crisis: decline of Habsburg empire+dynasty, rise of Bourbons (1700-present)
    –War of Spanish Succession (1700-14): French Bourbons vs Spain, Austria, England
    –Philip V (1700-46): use French Bourbon models to ‘modernise’ + ‘Europeanise’ Spain
    –Charles III (1759-88): ‘enlightened monarch’: promote education, science, commerce
    –G M Jovellanos (1744-1811): liberal-reformist educator, politician, writer, satirist
    
    
14. Francisco Goya (1746-1828): official court painter, social critic, moral symbolist
    –official portraits: Bourbon royal family: Charles IV+Godoy (decadence+corruption)
    –popular scenes: folk traditions, fashionable types (majos+majas), beautiful women
    –grotesque allegories: war disasters, religious superstitions, human bestiality+nightmares
    –example: 2 May (French executions), Dream of Reason Creates Monsters (liberal terror)
    
    
15. French invade Spain: French Revolution (1789-94), Napoleonic Wars (1808-15)
    –French military conquests+political influence: puppet governments + liberal reformers
    [José Bonaparte king of Spain (1808-14); liberal Constitution of Cádiz (1812)]
    –Spanish resistance: popular guerrillas (irregular forces), widespread raids + sabotage
    –Bourbon restoration (1814): royal absolutism, anti-liberal reaction, protest repressed
    
    
16. Colonial demands: new regional/national identity; call for political+economic freedom
    –[French example: liberal republicans + constitutional reformers vs. Empire + Church]
    –[Spanish example: guerrilla war for independence, popular resistance to tyranny]
    –demands to be resolved in Spanish American wars of independence (1811-21)
    
    
17. Indigenous demands: continuing problems of survival+recognition, poverty+illiteracy

PART 4: THE PRICE OF FREEDOM: INDEPENDENCE TO REVOLUTION

1. Enlightenment: spread of liberal democratic ideas from Europe in Latin America
   –US rebellion+independence: Jefferson (popular sovereignty), Payne (rights of man)
   -French liberalism+revolution: Montesquieu (law), Voltaire (reason), Rousseau (liberty)
   
   
2. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830): Venez. aristo.+patriot, Latin Amer. general+liberator
   –European models: French revolution vs Napoleonic empire, Spain in decline + in revolt
   –person: rich revolutionary, armed visionary, romantic idealist+reformer, exiled patriot
   –wars of liberation: Colombia 1819, Venezuela 1821, Ecuador 1822 [all in New Granada]
   –Angostura Constitution 1819: ‘able despotism’ vs ‘instant democracy’; strong executive
   –disillusionment: frustrated dream of L.A. unity, skepticism about L.A. democracy
   
   
3. José San Martín (1778-1850): Arg. aristo.+patriot, Latin American general+liberator
   –person: brilliant strategist, brave leader, liberal statesman (strong institutions vs men)
   –Arg. independence 1816: triumph of local militias vs. Span. troops + Brit. navy
   –Andean campaigns: Chile 1817 (& Bernardo O’Higgins), Perú 1821; exile in France
   
   
4. Juan Manuel de Rozas (1793-1877): Arg. military dictator 1829-52 (governor BsAs)
   –caudillo: military rule+terror, conservative+demagogue, landed-wealth + popular base
   –political+military campaigns: suppress liberals, support gauchos, exterminate Indians
   
   
5. Antonio López de Santa Ana (1794-1876): Mex. general+president 11x 1833-63
   –military defeat by US 1836+1846-48: loss of 50% Mex. territory (Texas to California)
   
   
6. Benito Juárez (1806-72): Mex. lawyer+patriot, president 1861-72, liberal reformer
   –person: full-blooded Indian, civilian rule by constitution+law, separation of church+state
   –wars vs conservatives, vs French invaders, vs Maximilian (Mex. emperor 1863-67)
   
   
7. European cultural influence in L.A.: architecture, music, literature, fashions, etc.
   –urban middle class desires stability+properity (order+progress), free trade+democracy
   
   
8. Argentinian conquest of interior: General Roca–desert campaign vs pampas Indians
   –gauchos: Arg. cowboys, macho image, violent freedom, legend+music (sad isolation)
   –Martín Fierro 1872-79: gaucho poem; free pampas, violent soldiers, corrupt politicians
   
   
9. Argentinian urban growth: Buenos Aires–national capital+metropolis (Euro.-L.A.)
   –double migration: countryside to capital (gauchos), Italy to Arg. (6 million–30% pop.)
   –complex identity: L.A.+Euro., native+imitative, popular (tango)+cosmopolitan (Borges)
   –tango: song+dance, gaucho tradition; singer Carlos Gardel; desire+fate, nostalgia+myth
   
   
10. J.G. Posada (1852-1913): Mex. artist; satire on corruption+repression (dance of death)
    
    
11. Porfirio Díaz (1830-1915): Mex. mestizo general+dictator 1877-1911, oppose Juárez
    –feudal order (suppress liberals), economic progress (foreign investment), Euro. fashion
    
    
12. Mexican Revolution (1911-21): popular struggle, political+social reforms, civil war
    –Francisco Madero (1873-1913): president 1911-13, liberal democracy vs peasant claims
    –Pancho Villa (1878-1923): N peasant, general+rebel, popular army, agrarian reform
    –Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919): S peasant, general+rebel, land+liberty: justice for peasants
    –Vetuliano Carranza (1859-1920): N landowner, president 1917-20, constitution+unity

APPENDIX TO PART 4 (REFERENCE)

SPANISH AMERICAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE, REPUBLICS, REVOLUTIONS

• cf. USA: War of Independence vs UK, republic 1776-81 / 1783
  France: revolution 1789-92, republic 1792-1804, terror 1793-94, Napoleon 1799-1815
  
  
• Caribbean: Haiti 1793 (Toussaint L’Ouverture), 1803 empire (Dessalines), 1806 republic
  Dominican Republic 1821/1844 [part of Haiti 1822-44], 1930-61 dictator (Trujillo)
  Cuba 1868-98 uprisings vs Spain (José Martí), 1898 US-Spanish war > US protectorate,
  1902 republic, 1933-59 dictator (Batista), 1959- revolution (Fidel Castro)
  
  
• México 1810-16 uprisings (Hidalgo + Morelos), 1821 empire (José Iturbide),
  1823 republic (Victoria), 1833-55 dictator (Santa Ana), 1846-48 war vs US
  1858-1872 republic (Benito Juárez), 1863-67 empire (Maximilian) [French troops]
  1877-1911 dictator (P. Díaz), 1911-21 revolution (Madero, Villa, Zapata, Carranza)
  1933-41 social reforms (L. Cárdenas); Yucatán 1821-68 [later united with México]
  
  
• Central America: United Provinces of C. America 1823-39 [separated from México]
  Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica 1839
  Nicaragua 1933-79 dictators (Somoza), 1979-90 revolution (Sandinistas)
  El Salvador 1979-92 junta + civil war (FMLN); Panamá 1903 [separated from Colombia]
  
  
• South America: New Granada 1811-19 [Venezuela, Colombia] (Miranda+Bolívar)
  Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador 1830 [separate republics], Paraguay 1811 (J. Francia)
  Argentina 1816 (San Martín), 1946-55 dictator (Perón), 1976-83 junta, 1982 Falkland war
  Chile 1817 (O’Higgins+San Martín), 1970-73 Marxism (Allende), 1973-88 dictator (Pinochet) Perú 1821
  (San Martín & Bolívar); Brazil 1822-89 empire (Pedro I + Pedro II) / republic 1889
  Bolivia 1825 (Sucre) [separate], 1952-60 revolution; Uruguay 1828 [separate republic]

PART 5: UNFINISHED BUSINESS

1. Spanish crisis 1898: defeat by US, loss of colonies (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines)
   
   
2. new Spanish artists [Generation of 1927]: culture shock+challenge, self-questioning
   –surrealism: irrational subconscious [Freud], distorsion of reality, anti-establishment
   –Federico García Lorca (poems): sensual beauty in nature + art [premonition of death]
   –Salvador Dalí (paintings): subjective dream vision of dismemberment [‘melted watch’]
   –Luis Buñuel (films): experimental art as cultural + technical liberation [Chien andalou]
   
   
3. Spanish Republic (1931-36) & Civil War (1936-39): after fall of weak monarchy
   –military dictators: Gen. Primo de Ribera (1923-30), Gen. Francisco Franco (1939-75)
   –leftist reforms (1931-36): liberal laws, separate church+state, secular education, divorce
   –right-wing reaction+coup: army officers, monarchists, fascists [Falange], church leaders
   –preWW2 conflict: Republicans–support of Soviet Union, Mexico, Internat. Brigades
   Nationalists (Franco)–milit. support of Nazi Germany+Fascist Italy
   –Guernica: Basque town bombed by Nazi planes; painting by Picasso on horrors of war
   –Valley of Fallen (N of Madrid): underground church+mausoleum for Civil War dead
   
   
4. Franco’s Spain (1939-75): 1940s–national isolation, grim rebuilding, great poverty;
   1950s–Cold War ally of US, UN member; 1960s–economic boom, massive tourism;
   1970s–political stagnation, ETA terrorists, royal succession, peaceful transition
   
   
5. democratic Spain (1975-): Bourbon king Juan Carlos, liberal parliamentary monarchy
   –‘Spanish miracle’: political reform+stability [1978 Constitution: federal secular state]
   economic growth+prosperity, European integration [EU+NATO]
   
   
6. LA crisis: population explosion, urban growth, economic inequality, political instability
   –population: 400-500 million (1992-2000), 50% under 16 years, majority in cities+shanties
   –national/urban problem: debt, poverty, crime, drugs, homeless, jobs, education, services
   
   
7. LA models: reforms vs dictators, development vs dependency; capitalism or socialism?
   –Mexican Revolution (1911-): free elections, economic justice, national unity+identity
   –Venezuela: prosperity based on natural resources, petroleum industry [OPEC member]
   –Argentina: demagogues (Juan+Evita Perón): charisma+patriotism vs stable institutions
   –Cuban Revolution (1959-): Marxist dictator (Fidel Castro), Soviet ally, [US embargo]
   –Nicaraguan Revolution (1979-90): Sandinista social reforms, democratic transition
   –state terrorism: systematic repression+torture in name of anti-Communist crusade
   [Argentina (junta 1976-83), Chile (Pinochet 1973-88), El Salvador(junta 1979-92)]
   
   
8. US influence (‘democracy+empire’): milit. interventions in Mexico, C. America, Chile
   –expansionist ideology: manifest destiny, big stick, dollar democracy, puritan work ethic
   –F.D. Roosevelt (1932-45): Good Neighbour policy, mutual respect, democratic alliance
   
   
9. modern LA artists: cultural traditions of Europe+America+Africa in experimental art
   –Rufino Tamayo (Mex.): Indian past+present; Wilfredo Lam (Cuba): Afro-Carib. images
   –J.L. Cuevas (Mex.): Spanish roots [Goya]; H. Botero (Col.): caricature of LA dictator
   –J. Borges (Ven.): visions of memory; Frida Kahlo (Mex.): desire+sacrifice of fem. body
   
   
10. modern LA culture: search for identity+continuity; own models vs failed imitations
    –failed models (colonies+independence): fragmentation, inequality, injustice, instability
    –self-reliance: popular activism, social education, ecology, democracy, volunteer service
    
    
11. US Hispanics: old colonies+immigrants; multicultural+bilingual society vs melting pot
    –Mexican border: US need for workers vs laws; historical scar: lost Sp./Mex. territories
    –Hisp. population: 25 million 1992 (125 million 2050); Chicanos, Cubans, Puerto Ricans
    –urban centres: Los Angeles (2nd Hisp. city in world), New York (P.R.), Miami (Cub.)
    –Hisp. heritage: Spanish language, Catholic religion, family structure, cultural expression
    –examples: corrido (oral news+ballads); California missions; San Juan Capistrano library
    
    
12. Hispanic identity in US+LA: mestizo society, hybrid traditions, cultural diversity