Faculty of Arts
- Course References
- Research
- Library Exercise
- Books
- Completed Example
- Introduction
- Sample Summary
- Revision Excercise
- Assignment 1
- Assignment 2
- Paragraphs
- Outline
- Tutorial 2
- Websites
- Schedule
- Tutorial 3
- Library Exercise Answers
- Resources
- Revising
- Assignment 3
- Self-Reflection Sheet
- Tutorial 4
- Previous Assignments
- Peer Review
- Lecture Powerpoints
- Tutorial 5
- Generating Ideas
- Tutorials
- Assessment
- Thesis Statements & Outlines
- Organising Essays
- Examples
- Tutorial 6
- Summaries
- Tutorial 8
- Exams
- Quotes & Paraphrases
- Plagiarism
- Bibliography
- Academic References
- Tutorial 9
- Different Types of Writing
- References
- Arguments
- Tutorial 10
- Definitions
- Tutorial 11
- Tutorial 12
- Comparison & Contrast
- Critiques
- Reports
- Tables & Graphs
- Writing for Examinations
- Narratives
- Case Studies
- Tables II
- Review
- The Princess and the Dragon
| Topic: Referencing 1 A comment on style manuals In-text citation Bibliographies Style Guides |
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Style Guides
Departmental Resources
Style Guides (Hodges etc)
Style Manuals (Electronic, Manual)
Examples (careful!)
Style Manuals
Provide rules and regulations regarding the formatting of in-text citations and references
Common Types of Style Manuals
APA (American Psychology Association
MLA (Modern Language Association)
Chicago Style Manual
CBE (Council of Biology Editors)
Harvard Style Manual
Number Reference Style
Why different style manuals?
Academics don’t generally communicate across fields
Academics change their minds
Academics don’t agree
No hard and fast rules
Journal specifications
Departmental specifications
Differences between Style Manuals
In-text citations
Parenthetical Referencings
Footnotes/Endnotes
Bibliographical Formatting
In-text (Parenthetical) Citations
APA (Source, year, p. 482)
MLA (Source 482)
Chicago (1+ endnote)
CBE (1, p.432)
Harvard (Source year)
Number Reference (1)
Footnote/Endnote (Chicago example)
By November of 1942, the Allies had proof that the Nazis were engaged in the systemic killing of Jews.2
2 David D. Wyman, The Abandonement of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941-1945 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 65.
Different type of Footnote/Endnote
Of the 12 crew for whom we do know the place of origin, three were from Germany, but more significantly, seven originated area areas that spoke Hollands or Zeeuws (the dialect of Zeeland).3
3 These two dialects are, in fact, quite similar.
In-text citations 1: First vs Second mention
First Mention
Starks, 1998, p. 81 (APA)
Starks 81 (MLA)
Second Mention
(1998, p. 83)
(83)
In-text Citations 2: Multiple Authors (APA)
Two sources
(Ngaha & Starks, 2003)
Three or more
(Ngaha, Starks & Turner, 2003)
But Ngaha, Starks and Turner (2003) raise the question of….
(Ngaha et al., 2003)
MLA style
2-3 authors
(Ngaha and Starks 57)
(Ngaha, Starks and Turner 58)
3 or more
(Starks, Montgomery, Bold and Matheson 28) OR
(Starks et al 29)
In-text Citations 3: Multiple Works
Adults have regularly been shown (Labov, 1966; Wolfram, 1969; Trudgill, 1974; MacCauley, 1977; Horwath, 1985) to be more conservative in their use of variables than younger age groups.
Adults have regularly been shown (Horwath, Labov, MacCauley, Trudgill, Wolfram) to be more conservative in their use of variables than younger age groups.
In-text Citations 4: Secondary Quotations
It was Ludwig Wittgenstein who said, "Everything that can be thought at all can be thought clearly. Everything that can be said can be said clearly" (qtd. in Williams 1)
It was Ludwig Wittgenstein who said, "Everything that can be thought at all can be thought clearly. Everything that can be said can be said clearly" (as cited in Williams, 1965, p.1).
Bibliographical Information
Two types of Bibliographies
References Cited
References Used
Bibliographies
Last name/s or authors or editors
First name or initials
Source (title of article/book etc)
Publication Details (place/publisher)
Date of Publication
Differences in Bibliographical Formatting 1:Titles for References Used
APA References
MLA Works Cited
Chicago Bibliography
CBE Cited References
Number Reference Literature Cited
Differences in Bibliographical Entries 2: Numbering of Entries
APA
Graff, G. (1992) Beyond the culture wars: How teaching the conflicts can revitalize American education. New York: Norton.
Number Reference Format
1.Graff, G. Beyond the culture wars: how teaching the conflicts can revitalize American education. New York: Norton; 1992.
Differences in Bibliographical Format 3: Order of Entries
alphabetical order (APA)
first mention (Number Reference System)
Differences between Bibliographies 4: Order of Information
APA
Graff, G. (1992) Beyond the culture wars: How teaching the conflicts can revitalize American education. New York: Norton.
MLA
Graff, Gerald. Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts can Revitalize American Education. New York: Norton, 1992.
Other details: place/publisher/newspapers
Differences between Bibliographies 5: Capitalisation & Punctuation
Graff, G. (1992) Beyond the culture wars: How teaching the conflicts can revitalize American education. New York: Norton.
Graff, G. Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts can Revitalize American Education. New York: Norton.
Graff, G. Beyond the culture wars: how teaching the conflicts can revitalize American education. New York: Norton; 1992.
